Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) was a British historian. He studied at Oxford and taught at the Department of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies of the University of London, and at the London School of Economics; he also was Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs. His brief stay (1911-1912) at the British School at Athens (Greece) greatly imbued his philosophical ideas about the decline of civilisations. He was a prominent analyst of the developments in the Middle East, while some of his numerous studies are dedicated to Greek history.
Tilegrafos was a newspaper published in Alexandria (Egypt) from 1880 to 1924. Its first owner was Xenofon Saltis and later Achilleas Kyriakopoulos. It was a very influential daily newspaper, having included amongst its columnists Sotiris Liatsis, Iraklis Lachanokardis, and A. Vitalis. C. P. Cavafy also published in the newspaper.
Stylianos I. Theocharidis (1886-1923) was a Cypriot poet who lived in Larnaca and Nicosia (Cyprus) and published poems in journals and newspapers of his home country as well as of Greece and Egypt. Some of his poems were published in a collection edited by his father after his death (Larnaca, 1925).
The stone-built open-air theatre in Faliro (also Phaleron, Athens, Greece) was built in 1896 on the western side of the coast. It staged mostly operas and revues. During its heyday, performances at the theatre attracted the socialites of Athens. It was demolished in 1968.
The British weekly journal The Spectator was founded in London (England) in 1828. Its circulation fluctuated over time: at its peak, before World War I, it became very influential and popular. The topics of the magazine, which is still being published, focus mainly on politics and culture.
The Saturday Review of politics, literature, science, and art was a weekly newspaper in London (England), founded in 1855 by A. J. B. Beresford Hope. Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw and Dante Gabriel Rossetti were among the writers who collaborated with the newspaper which was published till 1938.
The Oriental Advertiser / Le Moniteur Oriental newspaper was first published in 1883 by D.A. Bellis (in English and French editions) in Istanbul (Turkey). It was distributed until the 1910s.
The Nation and Athenaeum was a British weekly periodical. It was created with the merging of the literary magazine Athenaeum (which had been founded in London in 1828) with its competitor The Nation and circulated for a decade, from 1921 to 1931. Leonard S. Woolf was responsible for the newspaper’s literary content, from 1923 to 1930. Among the magazine’s collaborators were Robert Graves, E. M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, T. S. Eliot et al.
The Listener was a weekly journal published by the BBC from 1929 to 1991. It initially published transcripts of radio, and later television, broadcasts as well as previews of broadcasts on literature and music, and presentations of new books. Among the periodical’s collaborators were E. M. Forster, George Orwell, Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw, Virginia Woolf, Sylvia Plath et al.
The Hogarth Press was established in 1917 by Leonard and Virginia Woolf in their house at Richmond (London, England). They hand-printed books initially, a practice they later abandoned. They published works of modernist writers as well as books on psychoanalysis and foreign works translated into English. The Hogarth Press became part of the Chatto & Windus publishing house in 1946.
The first diplomatic authority of Greece in the Ottoman Empire was established in 1834, the first ambassador being Konstantinos Zografos. A fully-fledged Greek embassy opened in 1853. Greece’s diplomatic representation was discontinued during periods of crises between Greece and Turkey, while late in 1923 the embassy was transferred to the new capital of the Turkish state, Ankara.
The British Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign and Commonwealth Office since 1968) was founded in 1782. Its main mission is to safeguard the country’s security, to promote exports and to open new markets as well as to provide assistance and support to British citizens around the world through its consular services.
In 1913 Egypt was, still unofficially, a British protectorate and nominally a territory of the Ottoman Empire. The regent (khedive) of Egypt was Abbas HelmiII, who was later (1914) dethroned by the British who thus officially established a protectorate and sultanate governed by Hussein Kamel.
The Egyptian Gazette is the oldest English-language newspaper in the Middle East. It was founded in Alexandria (Egypt) in 1880 by five British nationals. Its headquarters were transferred to Cairo (Egypt) in 1838. The newspaper has been owned by the El Tahrir publishing house since 1954.
Tharros was a Piraeus newspaper, first published in 1913 and circulating until 1941.